R-11 Zemlya

The R-11 Zemlya (Russian for Earth), GRAU index 8A61, was a Soviet tactical ballistic missile known by the NATO reporting name SS-1b Scud-A, the first of the missiles to be given the Scud name. It grew out of a 1951 requirement for a missile performing like the German V-2 at half its size, and was developed by Victor Makeev, working in the bureau headed by Sergey Korolyov. Makeev's version, using an Isayev engine burning RG-1 with nitric acid, first flew on 18 April 1953, and the missile was formally accepted into military service in July 1955. The R-11M, designed to carry a nuclear warhead, was officially accepted on 1 April 1958; its maximum range of 270 km fell to 170 km with a nuclear warhead. It used inertial guidance with four graphite vanes in the exhaust. A naval variant, the R-11FM, became operational in 1959 as the D-1 system, the first submarine-launched ballistic missile. Users were the Soviet Union, Poland and Romania.