War and Military Atlas

How Battles Were Fought
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War and Military Atlas

Disputed Statements

Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.

49 statements.

Achaemenid Immortals, Founded Year-550

Achaemenid Immortals, Armed Forces and Units

Standing

Concerns Founded Year

Currently States -550

Sources date the corps' organization anywhere across Cyrus the Great's and Darius I's reigns; no single foundation year is attested directly.

Source Wikipedia: Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)

Aircraft Carrier, Introduced Year1918

Aircraft Carrier, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States 1918

HMS Argus (1918) is usually credited as the first true aircraft carrier able to both launch and recover aircraft; earlier ships from 1910 onward experimented with takeoff and landing at sea without full carrier capability.

Source Wikipedia: Aircraft carrier

Atlatl, Introduced Year-15500

Atlatl, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -15500

Wikipedia own History section names a 17,500-year-old Solutrean atlatl found at Combe Sauniere, France as the earliest known surviving example; approximated here as 15500 BCE. The same section notes skeletal evidence, an arthritic pathology on Mungo Man from about 42,000 years before present, that may push actual use earlier than the oldest surviving object, so this year is a known-example floor, not a claimed invention date.

Source Wikipedia: Atlatl

Ayyubid-Crusader War, Start Year1177

Ayyubid-Crusader War, Wars

Standing

Concerns Start Year

Currently States 1177

No single named war has agreed bookend dates in the sources; this entity is scoped from Saladin's early campaigns against the Crusader states (Montgisard, 1177) through the pivotal 1187 conquest of Jerusalem.

Source Wikipedia: Military history of the Crusader states

Ayyubid-Crusader War, End Year1187

Ayyubid-Crusader War, Wars

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1187

Scoped here to the pivotal 1187 campaign (Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem); Ayyubid-Crusader fighting continued intermittently for decades afterward.

Source Wikipedia: Siege of Jerusalem (1187)

Battering Ram, Introduced Year-2000

Battering Ram, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -2000

Earliest depiction from Egypt's 11th Dynasty (circa 2100-1991 BC); precise origin is unknown.

Source Wikipedia: Battering ram

Blitzkrieg, DescriptionBlitzkrieg (lightning war) is the term, popularized by wartime journalists rather than coined by the Wehrmacht itself, for the combined-arms method Germany used from 1939 to 1941: concentrating armor, motorized infantry and air power at a single decisive point to break through enemy lines, then encircling and destroying the resulting pocket rather than advancing on a broad, even front. A body of historiography, most prominently Karl-Heinz Frieser's The Blitzkrieg Legend (1995), argues that Germany never adopted blitzkrieg as a formal, codified operational doctrine, and that its early campaign successes owed as much to improvisation, local initiative and French and Polish mistakes as to any deliberate lightning-war theory. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Blitzkrieg, Strategy and Doctrine

Standing

Concerns Description

Currently States Blitzkrieg (lightning war) is the term, popularized by wartime journalists rather than coined by the Wehrmacht itself, for the combined-arms method Germany used from 1939 to 1941: concentrating armor, motorized infantry and air power at a single decisive point to break through enemy lines, then encircling and destroying the resulting pocket rather than advancing on a broad, even front. A body of historiography, most prominently Karl-Heinz Frieser's The Blitzkrieg Legend (1995), argues that Germany never adopted blitzkrieg as a formal, codified operational doctrine, and that its early campaign successes owed as much to improvisation, local initiative and French and Polish mistakes as to any deliberate lightning-war theory. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

The concentrated-armor breakthrough tactics Germany used from 1939 to 1941 are solidly documented; what is contested is whether the Wehrmacht itself ever held a codified doctrine called Blitzkrieg, or whether the label is a journalistic and postwar invention imposed on improvised, locally-driven successes. See the attached dissent.

Source Wikipedia: Blitzkrieg

Blitzkrieg, Core ClaimConcentrate armor, motorized infantry and air power at one decisive point to break through, then encircle and destroy the enemy in the resulting pocket rather than pushing forward on a broad, even front.

Blitzkrieg, Strategy and Doctrine

Standing

Concerns Core Claim

Currently States Concentrate armor, motorized infantry and air power at one decisive point to break through, then encircle and destroy the enemy in the resulting pocket rather than pushing forward on a broad, even front.

Whether this was ever a single, codified doctrine rather than a retrospective journalists' label for improvised German successes is itself disputed; see the dissent record.

Source Wikipedia: Blitzkrieg

Chichimeca War, OutcomeChichimeca military victory; Spain sued for peace and adopted a purchase-for-peace policy

Chichimeca War, Wars

Standing

Concerns Outcome

Currently States Chichimeca military victory; Spain sued for peace and adopted a purchase-for-peace policy

Infobox states a Chichimeca military victory, but the same infobox result also records that Spain ultimately sued for peace and shifted to a purchase-for-peace policy rather than continued conquest

Source Chichimeca War - Wikipedia

Chu-ko-nu, Introduced Year-350

Chu-ko-nu, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -350

Archaeological evidence (Tomb 47, Qinjiazui, Hubei Province) dates repeating crossbows to the 4th century BC, during the Warring States period; the name Chu-ko-nu specifically references the later Three Kingdoms-era strategist Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD), traditionally credited with improving the design, so the entity name and the earliest archaeological date point to two different centuries.

Source Wikipedia: Chu-ko-nu

Containment, Core ClaimCommunist expansion should be met with steady, patient counter-pressure at every point it threatens to expand, rather than confronted by rollback or accommodated by appeasement.

Containment, Strategy and Doctrine

Standing

Concerns Core Claim

Currently States Communist expansion should be met with steady, patient counter-pressure at every point it threatens to expand, rather than confronted by rollback or accommodated by appeasement.

Source Wikipedia: Containment

Dory, Introduced Year-800

Dory, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -800

The dory is first attested by name in the Homeric epics; hoplite phalanx warfare, with which the dory is closely associated, is conventionally dated to around the 8th century BC. No single origin year is recorded.

Source Wikipedia: Dory

Falcata, Introduced Year-500

Falcata, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -500

Iron Age origin in the Iberian Peninsula; exact date unknown, predates the Roman period.

Source Wikipedia: Falcata

Falconet, Introduced Year1390

Falconet, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States 1390

This atlas's existing description dates the falconet to the sixteenth century, but the cited Wikipedia article's lead and its Castelo de Sao Jorge display text both date the type to the end of the 14th century; recorded as debated pending resolution, see the paired open question on this entity.

Source Wikipedia: Falconet (cannon)

Fourth-Generation Warfare, Core ClaimWar increasingly blurs the line between combatant and civilian and between state and non-state actor, fought by decentralized networks rather than by opposing armies alone.

Fourth-Generation Warfare, Strategy and Doctrine

Standing

Concerns Core Claim

Currently States War increasingly blurs the line between combatant and civilian and between state and non-state actor, fought by decentralized networks rather than by opposing armies alone.

Source Wikipedia: Fourth-Generation Warfare

Genghis Khan, Birth Year1162

Genghis Khan, Commanders

Standing

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 1162

Historians favor 1155, 1162, or 1167; the exact year is disputed in the sources.

Source Wikipedia: Genghis Khan

Gladius, Introduced Year-216

Gladius, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -216

Adoption is debated: most accounts place Roman adoption of the Celtiberian-pattern gladius hispaniensis after the defeat at Cannae in 216 BC, though contact with the design may go back to the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC).

Source Wikipedia: Gladius

Hannibal Barca, Death Year-183

Hannibal Barca, Commanders

Standing

Concerns Death Year

Currently States -183

Ancient sources place his death within the range 183 to 181 BC; the exact year is not agreed. 183 BC is the commonly cited year.

Source Wikipedia: Hannibal

Janissaries, Founded Year1363

Janissaries, Armed Forces and Units

Standing

Concerns Founded Year

Currently States 1363

Sources place the corps' formal organization anywhere from the 1360s under Murad I to the 1380s; no single foundation date is universally agreed.

Source Wikipedia: Janissaries

Kopis, Introduced Year-700

Kopis, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -700

Some scholars propose an Etruscan origin for the kopis-type blade, with similar swords found in Etruria as early as the 7th century BC; -700 marks the early 7th century BC. Origin remains debated among scholars and no exact year is recorded.

Source Wikipedia: Kopis