Wars of the Three Kingdoms

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms is the collective name for a series of conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate kingdoms joined only in a personal union under Charles I. The term covers the Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish war of 1650 to 1652. Royalists, Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates were opposed chiefly by the English Parliamentarians, and the wars ended in Parliamentarian victory, the execution of Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England as a single republic ruling the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.